Church History through the centuries

Landmark coverage and source audit

This revision adds 36 factual entries after a coverage review of all 21 centuries. It adds 23 separate teaching exercises. The entries cover Bible translation, familiar witnesses, printing, missions, public preaching, and devotional literature. Each new factual entry links one primary work and two other supporting works. The table records the passages actually inspected. Teaching exercises use linked Lutheran confessions. They do not establish an author’s complete theology from a single reading.

The original survey’s 216-entry count records that survey’s provenance. It is not a count of the expanded course. The prior World audit records 52 retained landmarks. Two printing entries bring the current World selection to 54. The shared 12 course objectives remain unchanged. Historical coverage ends on October 5, 2026.

Coverage review of every century

Unit Existing coverage Added entries Selection decision and limits
Unit 1 Peter, Paul, James; Pentecost and sacramental life; Jerusalem assembly; apostolic preaching and first-century world landmarks Retain existing coverage No high-value omission established in the first-century unit. Additional New Testament biographies: Current apostolic foundation is sufficient for this coverage pass. Extra biographies duplicate scriptural groundwork.
Unit 2 Ignatius; Justin; Irenaeus; Didache; Pliny and Trajan; Marcion and Gnostic disputes E01 Exact Polycarp martyrdom year: Chronology remains disputed. Retain the second-century placement rather than choosing a single date.
Unit 3 Tertullian; Origen and Hexapla; Cyprian; Decian persecution; Baptism and restoration controversies E02 Empire-wide Severan ban as cause of Perpetua’s death: The causal reconstruction rests on disputed evidence. The addition does not require it.
Unit 4 Nicaea; Constantinople; Athanasius; Cyril of Jerusalem; Basil; Gregory Nazianzen; Ambrose E03, E04, E05 Nicaea chose the Bible: Not supported by the evidence. Athanasius’s letter is an episcopal list, not a Nicene Bible decree. Anthony as the first monk: The primary Life itself describes earlier ascetics. The 1911 Britannica claim is not adopted. Every NT Latin book translated by Jerome: The proposed Gospel claim does not establish Jerome’s responsibility for every other book.
Unit 5 Augustine; Cyril Alexandria; Leo; Ephesus; Chalcedon; grace and Baptism controversies E06, E07 Patrick’s shamrock, snakes, exact mission year and birthplace: Later legends and uncertain chronology do not belong in an unqualified biography.
Unit 6 Benedict and Rule; Gregory Pastoral Rule; Augustine of Canterbury597; ConstantinopleII E08 A separate duplicate entry for Gregory’s Canterbury mission: Already present. Columba adds an Irish-to-Scottish missionary route.
Unit 7 Hild and Whitby; Maximus; MartinI; Lateran649; ConstantinopleIII; Trullo; Islam/world landmarks E09 Caedmon’s dream as independently established event: Keep the miracle story as Bede’s reported narrative, not an independently proven occurrence.
Unit 8 Boniface; John of Damascus; Bede; Nicaea II; Frankfurt; Chinese Christian inscription; Iberian conquest; Viking raid Retain existing coverage Retain. Alcuin and Carolingian schools remain a candidate without an audited addition in this pass.
Unit 9 Cyril and Methodius; Slavonic translation; Alfred; Photius; Eucharistic controversies MED-L01 Add Asian printing to the existing vernacular Scripture and worship coverage. Do not invent a precise Book of Kells production year.
Unit 10 Cluny; Odo; Vladimir; Liutprand; Athelstan; Leif Erikson Retain existing coverage Retain mission, reform and recognizable North Atlantic landmarks. No new audited Gerbert claim.
Unit 11 Anselm; Gregory VII; Urban II; Clermont; Hastings; Domesday Book Retain existing coverage Retain. Later Paris statutes supply a precise university landmark without inventing a foundation day.
Unit 12 Bernard; Abelard; Worms; Lateran I–III; Saladin MED-L02 Add Valdes and early Waldensians. Exclude apostolic succession legends and anachronistic Lutheran identity.
Unit 13 Francis of Assisi; Thomas Aquinas; Lateran IV; Lyons councils; Genghis Khan; Magna Carta MED-L03 Add Christian higher education through actual Paris statutes. Do not call 1215 the foundation year.
Unit 14 Wyclif; Palamas; Vienne; Western Schism; Black Death MED-L04, MED-L05 Add Dante and Wycliffite Bible translation. Do not assign the complete translation securely to Wyclif personally.
Unit 15 Hus; Joan of Arc; Constance; Florence; Gutenberg Bible; Constantinople; Columbus MED-L06, MED-L07 Add Thomas à Kempis and an explicit explanation of movable-type printing. Exclude global-first and single-cause Reformation claims.
Unit 16 Luther as reformer and catechist; Melanchthon and Chemnitz; Zwingli and Calvin; Marburg and Trent C16-Erasmus, C16-Tyndale, C16-LutherNT, C16-LutherBible, C16-Coverdale The missing translation sequence is a substantive gap in understanding access to Scripture and the language of Christ's promises. These additions complement existing reformer biographies without repeating them. Additional Luther biography or repeat council entries: Existing coverage already contains these topics; add translation milestones instead. Later English Bible editions beyond Coverdale and the KJV: Useful follow-up, but not needed to repair the identified foundational translation sequence in this packet.
Unit 17 Johann Gerhard and Paul Gerhardt; Spener and Francke; Devotion, orthodoxy and Lutheran church life C17-KJV, C17-Bunyan, C17-EliotBible, C17-EliotAgency The additions introduce recognizable English Bible and literary landmarks, plus a North American mission and printing example that makes Indigenous contribution visible. Repeated Pietist biographies: Spener and Francke already receive substantive coverage. A numerical claim about all KJV translators: Different counts distinguish appointment, participation and completion; the verified wording uses teams of scholars.
Unit 18 Wesley and Aldersgate; Muhlenberg and the Pennsylvania Ministerium; Bach and baptismal hymnody C18-Whitefield, C18-Edwards, C18-Carey Whitefield and Edwards supply the missing familiar awakening figures; Carey adds a mission text for examining proclamation and Baptism. The three sources allow comparison without treating every revival movement as one doctrine. Repeated Wesley, Muhlenberg or Bach entries: They already appear in the century's people and theological readings. Sweeping claims about a single Great Awakening doctrine: These selected texts and speakers do not establish a uniform theology for all participants.
Unit 19 Walther and Löhe; Missouri and Wisconsin institution histories; Prussian Union and Vatican I; Walther's argument about slavery C19-Spurgeon, C19-Moody The current concentration on Lutheran institutions needs familiar evangelical counterparts. Spurgeon's actual sermon provides a direct sacramental comparison; Moody and Sankey provide a recognizable revival landmark. Charles Finney or additional revival biographies: Potentially valuable further study; no retained Finney claim has been verified in this packet. Broad generalization from Spurgeon to every Baptist: A single speaker and sermon cannot establish the theology of every Baptist.
Unit 20 Harstad; Barmen; Seminex; Vatican II; Leuenberg and the Joint Declaration on Justification C20-Azusa, C20-Bonhoeffer, C20-King, C20-Graham, C20-GrahamMessage These additions repair conspicuous omissions in Pentecostal, evangelical and public Christian history. Graham receives both a public-ministry landmark and actual teaching, rather than a token mention. North American people and movements receive substantial attention. Martin Niemöller and First They Came: A separate dated text history is needed before attaching a circulating version to him. Barmen and the new Bonhoeffer reading already support a focused church-and-state comparison. John Paul II, Mother Teresa and Desmond Tutu: Recognizable global candidates remain for a later verified expansion; this packet makes no biographical assertions about them and does not claim exhaustive coverage. Bonhoeffer's execution chronology: The retained addition concerns his inspected theological work. No execution-date claim is inserted without an inspected primary record.
Unit 21 Harrison; Lutheran fellowship and institutional comparison; COVID-19 in the World strand C21-Leo A recent papal transition supplies a familiar global figure and an actual Christ-centered public address for testing claims about church authority. The historical cutoff excludes later developments. Francis, digital worship and further global church developments: These remain candidates for further verified coverage. No separate claim or claim about every church's pandemic worship practice is added from incomplete evidence. Repeating Harrison or rewriting World landmarks: Existing coverage is preserved.

New historical entries and actual support

ID and course location Primary work and inspected passage First check work and inspected passage Second check work and inspected passage Qualification
E01: Unit 2, Major people Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, suffered martyrdom in the second century. Martyrdom of Polycarp. §§9,16,19 The narrative names Polycarp, his episcopal role, and his death. Section 9 records his confession of Christ. Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Martyrdom of Polycarp. opening definition and date discussion Identifies the Smyrna bishop and the account of his martyrdom. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, Polycarp. §4, Polycarp’s Martyrdom Discusses his martyrdom and disputed second-century dating. The exact martyrdom year remains disputed. Retain second-century placement.
E02: Unit 3, Major people Perpetua and Felicity suffered martyrdom at Carthage in AD 203. The Passion includes a prison narrative attributed to Perpetua. Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity. §§2–3,15,20–21 Names the women, introduces Perpetua’s own narrative, and recounts their deaths. The modern editor supplies the AD date. Barbara K. Gold, Perpetua: Athlete of God. publisher’s inspected synopsis, opening paragraph Names both women, Carthage, AD 203, and the prison narrative. Full book was not inspected. Mary R. Lefkowitz, Perpetua, Encyclopedia of Ancient History. abstract, first three paragraphs Names Perpetua and Felicitas, martyrdom at Carthage in 203, and the narrative attributed to Perpetua. Prison narrative is attributed to Perpetua. AD 203 comes from the modern historical works.
E03: Unit 4, Major people Anthony of Egypt lived as a hermit in the desert. Athanasius wrote his Life of Anthony. Athanasius, Life of Anthony. prologue and §§3,12–14 The prologue presents Anthony as a pattern for monastic discipline. The account describes his solitary retreat and followers. Uta Heil, Athanasius of Alexandria, Life and Works. Life and Works, paragraph on Vita Antonii; §1.5 anchorite Antonius Identifies Anthony as an anchorite and explains Athanasius’s narrative of his ascetic life. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, Anthony, Saint. biographical opening and monastic influence Describes his Egyptian solitary life and influence on monks. Its claim that he was the first monk is not adopted. Do not call Anthony the first monk. Do not treat miracles as independently established.
E04: Unit 4, Major events and councils In his AD 367 Festal Letter, Athanasius listed the same 27 books that constitute the New Testament today. Athanasius, Festal Letter 39. §5; heading dates the letter to 367 Lists the four Gospels, Acts, seven Catholic Epistles, fourteen Pauline Epistles including Hebrews, and Revelation. David Brakke, Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth-Century Egypt. Harvard Theological Review, inspected Extract opening Explicitly identifies the 367 letter and its precise 27-book NT list. The full article was not inspected. Carsten Peter Thiede, 367 Athanasius Defines the New Testament. Famous Festal Letter paragraphs, especially paragraph beginning The Thirty-Ninth Explicitly matches the 27-book list to the present New Testament. No other historical reconstruction in this article is adopted. This is an episcopal book list, not a Nicene decree creating the Bible.
E05: Unit 4, Major people Around AD 383, Jerome revised the Latin Gospels against Greek manuscripts. His preface explains the work. Jerome, Preface to the Gospels, addressed to Damasus. paragraph beginning Therefore, this present little preface States that the revision covers the four Gospels and compares old Greek books. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vulgate. III.1.a, The Four Gospels Dates publication to383 and describes collation of Greek manuscripts with Old Latin texts. Crawford Howell Toy and Ira Maurice Price, Vulgate, Jewish Encyclopedia. Jerome’s Bible-Revision Work Dates the revised four Gospels to383. Its broader attribution of other NT books is not adopted. Jerome did not translate or revise every part of the later Vulgate.
E06: Unit 5, Church life Around AD 390–405, Jerome translated Hebrew Old Testament books into Latin. This work helped form the Bible later called the Vulgate. Jerome, Prologue to Samuel and Kings. paragraph beginning This prologue of the Scriptures Describes the books he translates from Hebrew into Latin. The specific dates come from the two historical works. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vulgate. I.4 Historical Importance; III.3 Translation of Old Testament from Hebrew Identifies390–405 as the period and discusses Jerome’s Hebrew translation. Crawford Howell Toy and Ira Maurice Price, Vulgate, Jewish Encyclopedia. Jerome’s Bible-Translation Work; Earlier Latin Translations Gives390–405, the Hebrew source, and distinguishes untranslated Old Latin books in the later Vulgate. Jerome did not translate or revise every part of the later Vulgate.
E07: Unit 5, Major people Patrick served as a missionary bishop in fifth-century Ireland. His exact dates remain uncertain. Patrick, Confession. §§26,28,32–34; English translation hosted by the Royal Irish Academy Patrick describes his episcopal work and proclamation of the gospel among the people where he lived. The text gives no absolute date. Cormac Bourke, Patrick, Dictionary of Irish Biography. Chronology and career, paragraphs1–5; mission discussion Explicitly places his activity in the fifth century, describes bishop/missionary service, and explains chronology disputes. BBC Religions, Saint Patrick. Firm facts; Doubtful extra facts; Patrick’s life Lists bishop and missionary roles and separates uncertain precise dates and locations from firmer evidence. Precise birth, mission, and death dates remain uncertain. Exclude later shamrock and snake legends.
E08: Unit 6, Major people Columba established a monastery on Iona in the sixth century. Bede, Ecclesiastical History. III.4, pp140–144, paragraph beginning Columba came into Britain Describes Columba receiving Iona and founding a monastery. This is a later historical account, not an eyewitness record. University of Glasgow, St Columba’s cell on Iona revealed by archaeologists. opening research report and paragraph beginning St Columba Places his life and Iona settlement in the late sixth century, with563 given for arrival. Bernard Merdrignac, review of Richard Sharpe’s translation of Adomnán’s Life of Saint Columba. 1995 review, biographical paragraph States that Columba founded Iona in563. The curriculum uses only the shared sixth-century chronology. Bede dates arrival565, modern histories 563. Retain sixth century. Bede is a later account.
E09: Unit 7, Major people Bede reports that Caedmon turned Scripture into English poetry at Hild’s seventh-century monastery. Bede, Ecclesiastical History. IV.24, pp277–281, opening paragraph Describes the brother turning Scripture explained to him into poems in his native English. Tom Nancollas, Caedmon, Whitby and Early English Poetry, English Heritage. Divine Inspiration and First Fragment Places Caedmon under Hild around680 and describes turning scripture into verse. Whitby Museum, Caedmon. biographical account of Hild and scriptural instruction Describes Hild receiving him and his production of English religious songs from scripture. Bede is retrospective. The dream is a narrative report, not an independently proven event.
MED-L01: Unit 9, Wider world A Chinese woodblock-printed Diamond Sutra bears a publication note dating it to AD 868. Diamond Sutra, Or.8210/P.2 colophon. Colophon translation, web lines78/84 Actual translated inscription gives Wang Jie and Xiantong ninth-year date. The calendar conversion is supported by IDP commentary, not independently inferred. British Library/International Dunhuang Programme explanatory essay. Frontispiece lines52–53 and How and why was it made? line66 868 woodblock-printed Chinese scroll, seven joined sheets. This authored commentary is distinct from the ancient colophon reproduced on the same page. Jason Daley, Smithsonian, Five Things to Know About the Diamond Sutra. Wang Jie/block printer paragraph, web line13 868 commission of a block printer and surviving dated scroll. Do not borrow its incorrect Chinese calendar day or global-first movable-type claim. State 868 only. IDP gives the fifteenth lunar day, Smithsonian incorrectly says thirteenth. Do not call this the invention of printing.
MED-L02: Unit 12, Major people Valdes of Lyons gave away wealth during the 1170s. His followers became the Waldensians, or Poor of Lyons. Anonymous Laon chronicle, circa1218, Robinson translation adapted by Dan Graves. The Anonymous Account, 1173 and distribution paragraphs, web lines57–65 The narrated Valdes gives property to family and poor, then begs. Treat his quoted speeches as reported literary narrative. Alan Kreider, Poor in spirit, new in Christ. Web lines8–11 1170s conversion, disposal of remaining property, men/women following Valdes and Poor in Spirit designation. Musée protestant, Histoire des vaudois. Pierre Valdo, web lines10–12 About1170 Valdes sells goods, preaches, and has followers called Poor of Lyons/Waldensians. Use Valdes, not an assured first name Peter. Do not imply early Waldensians were already confessional Lutherans.
MED-L03: Unit 13, Church life Robert de Courçon issued statutes for the University of Paris in 1215. Robert de Courçon, Statutes, August1215. Opening rules, arts reading requirements, We decide concerning the theologians, closing date Actual translated legal text prescribes arts/theology ages, prior studies and curriculum. Closing dates August1215. William J. Courtenay, review of Pascale Bermon, La fondation de l'Université de Paris, The Medieval Review18.07.01. First document group, paragraph beginning The first section Calls Robert's1215 statutes for masters/students of arts/theology the earliest surviving statutes. David S. Schaff, medieval universities chapter. Paragraph beginning In Paris... The statutes of Robert States Robert's1215 statutes prescribed textbooks and other regulations. Do not call1215 the foundation year or claim a precise founding day. The last sentence is curricular direction, not an additional historical cause.
MED-L04: Unit 14, Major people Dante's Divine Comedy portrays a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. Dante, Comedy, H.F.Cary translation. Three canticles, especially Purgatory I opening and Paradise I opening Actual poem sections inspected. Purgatory I describes a region where spirits are purged before ascent to heaven. Princeton Dante Project, Commedia introduction. Introduction, web line16 Three canticles named Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso. Princeton Alumni Weekly, Translating heaven. Descriptions of Purgatorio and Paradiso, translation project context Discusses the three portions as hell, purgatory and heaven, describes dead being cleansed and narrator ascending. Poetry is an imagined afterlife, not independent evidence of its existence. Do not treat the later title Divine as Dante's own original title.
MED-L05: Unit 14, Church life Wycliffite translators produced an English Bible from Latin in the late fourteenth century. The attribution belongs to anonymous followers, not securely to Wyclif. Wycliffite Bible, Ephesians2:8–10, original-spelling sample reproduced by Terence Noble. Sample before updated modern-spelling passage, web lines13–15 Actual Middle English words of Ephesians inspected. Use the original-spelling excerpt, not the modernized adaptation as if medieval. British Library Egerton MS618 catalogue. Scope and Content lines27–30, dates lines69–73 The catalogue identifies an early English translation by Wyclif's followers and the earliest datable copy of a complete English Bible, circa 1390–1397. Bridwell Library exhibition, First English Translation of the New Testament. Opening description lines13–17 The exhibit attributes its English translation from Latin to anonymous followers of Wyclif. Its specimen dates to circa 1400–1425. Noble's introductory claim that Wyclif and Purvey personally translated the whole Bible is not adopted. BL primary images presently unavailable, so the actual primary textual witness here is the inspected Middle English excerpt. The physical copy is a verifier of provenance, not an unseen primary text.
MED-L06: Unit 15, Major people The Imitation of Christ is traditionally attributed to Thomas à Kempis and includes meditation on Holy Communion. Imitation of Christ, Croft and Bolton translation (1940). Book IV opening and chapters 1–2, printed pp. 211–220 The inspected text invites reception of Christ's body. It addresses Christ as God and man under the appearance of bread and wine. Columbia Encyclopedia, Imitation of Christ. Opening two paragraphs, web lines 28–29 Probably circa 1425. Traditional attribution to Thomas. Four books include devotion to Christ and Eucharistic communion. David S. Schaff, History VI, §35. Contents paragraphs 43–46 and authorship note 72 Four books include meditations on Christ's cross and Communion. The book is generally ascribed to Thomas, with historical dissent. No confident exact composition year. Croft and Bolton number Holy Communion as Book IV. Their preface reports an earlier Book III ordering.
MED-L07: Unit 15, Wider world Gutenberg's mid-fifteenth-century printing used a press and individual reusable metal types. Johannes Trithemius, printing testimony written about 1514, translated in De Vinne. De Vinne pp. 474–475, quotation beginning It was at this period, followed by They discovered a method The inspected retrospective testimony credits Gutenberg at Mainz and describes type matrices and metal types. De Vinne immediately lists errors in other parts. Retain only the corroborated description of metal types. Harry Ransom Center, The Gutenberg Bible. Opening historical paragraph, web line 100 Mid-1450s Mainz production with a press and individual metal pieces. Royal Danish Library, The Gutenberg Bible. Opening and The movable metal type, web lines 28 and 32–34 Bible of 1454–1455. Separate letters allowed preparation of new pages. The page notes earlier movable type in China and Korea.; Additional check: Library of Congress, Gutenberg Bible exhibition. Printing and interchangeable metal type paragraphs, web lines 24–25 Mechanical printing press and uniform interchangeable metal types. The Bible was probably completed late in 1455. Add this explanation beside the existing Gutenberg Bible landmark. Do not claim the worldwide invention of printing. The primary is retrospective testimony. Its Catholicon sequence and claims about Schöffer are excluded.
C16-Tyndale: Unit 16, Major people William Tyndale's complete English New Testament appeared at Worms in 1526. Tyndale, John 1, identified excerpt. PDF pages 1–2, John 1:1–18; editor identifies this as Tyndale Bible (1526) Actual English translated text was inspected. Publication date and completeness come from the two histories, not an original title page. The editor's 1526 label does not independently establish that every reproduced spelling belongs to the original 1526 printing. Cambridge University Library, The Bible in English. Tyndale Pentateuch caption, paragraph on complete edition produced at Worms in 1526 Complete English New Testament produced in Worms in 1526. Tyndale Society, translations and writings. Opening paragraph, complete New Testament printed at Worms in 1526 Same translator, publication, location and year.
C16-Erasmus: Unit 16, Major people Erasmus's Greek New Testament appeared at Basel in 1516. Erasmus, Paraclesis. Preface introduction and appeal to read Christ's teaching Identified excerpt of the 1516 preface in an early English translation; actual prose inspected. The histories supply publication date and place. Cambridge University Library. The New Learning, Novum Instrumentum entry Identifies Erasmus's Basel edition of 1516. Museum of the Bible. Description and provenance, Printed in 1516 by Johann Froben, Basel Identifies the same Greek New Testament edition and publication date/place.
C16-LutherNT: Unit 16, Lutheran developments Luther's German New Testament appeared in 1522. Luther, Preface to Romans. 1522 preface, opening paragraphs and discussion of faith Actual translated preface inspected; publication year supplied by the histories. Gruber Collection, 1522. Opening paragraph, In September 1522 Dates publication of Luther's first German New Testament edition. Cambridge University Library. The New Learning, Das Newe Testament Deutzsch entry Dates first edition September 1522 and second edition December 1522.
C16-LutherBible: Unit 16, Lutheran developments Luther's complete German Bible appeared in 1534. Luther Bible title, identified transcription. Transcription of 1534 title: Entire Holy Scripture, German, Mart. Luth. Actual title transcription inspected; do not describe this as visual inspection of the original artifact. Gruber Collection, 1534. Martin Luther: The Complete German Bible 1534, opening paragraph Dates publication of the whole Bible, including Apocrypha, to 1534. Library of Congress, Dresden exhibition. Introduction on sixteenth-century Bibles and Luther Bible subsection Dates Luther's translation of the entire Bible to 1534.
C16-Coverdale: Unit 16, Major people Miles Coverdale's complete printed English Bible appeared in 1535. Coverdale, Prologue to the Reader. Paragraphs explaining reliance on Latin and German translations Actual prologue inspected; corroborating histories establish the edition's year and completeness. Cambridge University Library. The first complete English printed Bible, Biblia. The Byble, 1535 Identifies Coverdale and the complete printed edition of 1535. Britannica 1911, Coverdale. Paragraph beginning In 1534 he published two translations States completion in 1535 and identifies it as a complete printed English Bible.
C17-KJV: Unit 17, Major events and councils The King James Bible appeared in 1611 after translation by teams of scholars commissioned under James I. The Translators to the Reader, 1611 preface. Purpose of translators, opening and assembly paragraphs Translators describe their shared revision work, chosen learned people, and assembly under royal oversight. Cambridge University Library, 1611. Paragraphs describing translation companies and publication sometime in 1611 Companies of translators completed the Bible published in 1611. Library of Congress, King James Bible. The King James Bible, opening paragraph and 1611 artifact caption James commissioned translation committee and Authorized Version resulted in 1611.
C17-Bunyan: Unit 17, Major people John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress first appeared in 1678. Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress. Author's Apology; Part I, paragraphs 93–94, Christian at the cross Actual work inspected in a later electronic transcription; original publication date comes from the histories. Britannica 1911, Bunyan. Paragraph dating publication to February 1678 Supplies first publication year. Dictionary of National Biography, Bunyan. Paragraph stating first edition did not appear until 1678 Independently supplies first publication year.
C17-EliotBible: Unit 17, Church life John Eliot's Massachusett Bible was completed in 1663. Massachusett Bible, 1663 edition. Full-text OCR, Genesis heading and Genesis 1; edition identified by item metadata, Imprint 1663 Actual translated biblical text inspected, beyond the catalogue. The New Testament component has its own earlier 1661 title; completion of the whole Bible is the 1663 claim. Library of Congress, Eliot's Bible. Opening publication-history paragraphs, printed between 1660 and 1663 Establishes completion and the Massachusett translation associated with Eliot. Jamaica Plain Historical Society, Owners of Hellenic Hill. Eliot Bible paragraph, translation in 1663 Independently dates the Bible translation to 1663.
C17-EliotAgency: Unit 17, Church life A Native printer played an essential role in Eliot's Bible project. Eliot's letter to Robert Boyle, identified excerpt. Letter excerpt describing the Indian Printer composing sheets and correcting the press with understanding Actual quoted letter inspected. It concerns work on the second edition; no claim assigns this letter to the 1663 edition. Library of Congress, Eliot's Bible. Paragraph describing significant Native assistance, including James Printer Confirms Native printing assistance. Jamaica Plain Historical Society, Owners of Hellenic Hill. Paragraph on James Printer setting type and correcting galley proofs Confirms the essential contribution of Native printing labor.
C18-Whitefield: Unit 18, Major people George Whitefield preached in the American colonies in 1739. Franklin, Autobiography, section 44. Opening paragraph dated 1739 and following account of sermons Actual retrospective eyewitness account inspected; not a diary written in 1739. Library of Congress, Religion in Eighteenth-Century America. George Whitefield, paragraph on 1739–1741 colonial tour Confirms preaching tour included 1739. Britannica 1911, Whitefield. Paragraph describing August 1739 embarkation and two years preaching in American towns Confirms the same colonial preaching chronology.
C18-Edwards: Unit 18, Major people Jonathan Edwards preached Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God in 1741. Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Sermon text, paragraphs 1–4, 21–22, and concluding application Actual sermon text inspected in the scholarly edition; date is corroborated by two histories. Jonathan J. Edwards, textual authentication. Discussion of the 1741 sermon and Boston first printing Separate scholarly editorial work supplies historical dating. Britannica 1911, Jonathan Edwards. Paragraph describing Enfield sermon in July 1741 Independently dates the named sermon.
C18-Carey: Unit 18, Major people William Carey published his missionary Enquiry in 1792. Carey, An Enquiry, section I. Opening discussion of the continuing obligation of Christ's commission; title at enquiry0.html Actual argument inspected, beyond the contents page; publication date supplied by the histories. Boston University, Carey biography. Paragraph on publication of An Enquiry in 1792 Identifies the missionary pamphlet and date. William Carey University, Enquiry history. Editorial introduction, 1792 publication and five sections Independently identifies and dates the publication.
C19-Spurgeon: Unit 19, Controversy and heresy Charles Spurgeon preached against baptismal regeneration in 1864. Spurgeon, Baptismal Regeneration, sermon 573. Dated sermon heading and argument against water-baptism conferring regeneration Actual sermon inspected; describes this speaker's argument, not all Baptists. Britannica 1911, Spurgeon. Paragraph on the sermon preached and printed in 1864 Confirms sermon, position and year. Dictionary of National Biography, Spurgeon. Paragraph beginning In 1864 he invited a controversy Confirms his hostile position toward baptismal regeneration and sermon in that year.
C19-Moody: Unit 19, Major people Dwight L. Moody and Ira Sankey began British revival campaigns in 1873. J. Wilbur Chapman, The Life and Work of D. L. Moody. Chapter 10, author heading; Liverpool June 27, 1873, followed by York meetings and Sankey joining Actual narrative and named author inspected. Chapman recounts meetings and uses firsthand recollections elsewhere in the work; this is a retrospective associate's biography, not a family biography or a diary written in 1873. Moody Bible Institute, D. L. Moody biography. Structured page biography, paragraph beginning In June 1873 Confirms Moody and Sankey's 1873 British campaign; actual embedded article content inspected despite sparse page extraction. Britannica 1911, Moody. Paragraph on Sankey and revival missions in England in 1873–1875 Confirms participants and campaign start year.
C20-Graham: Unit 20, Major people Billy Graham led the Los Angeles evangelistic campaign of 1949, which brought him national prominence. Graham, Just As I Am, identified Los Angeles excerpt. Quoted memoir passages following introductory date paragraph Graham recalls expanded tent, overflow crowds, reporters and public interest. Year and prominence are corroborated by the histories. Wheaton College Archives, Graham biography. Biography paragraph beginning While Graham became increasingly well-known National prominence in November 1949 during Los Angeles campaign. TIME, Graham's greatest sermons. Los Angeles, 1949 subsection 1949 campaign launched Graham's fame.
C20-Azusa: Unit 20, Church life William J. Seymour led the Azusa Street revival in Los Angeles in 1906. The Apostolic Faith, September 1906. PDF pages 1–2, masthead, Pentecost Has Come, and Bro. Seymour's Call Actual first issue text inspected; Seymour's own recollection and contemporary meeting reports establish the revival. PBS, Jon Butler on religious worship and race. Opening Azusa Street discussion, April 1906 and William Seymour Historical interview confirms leader, location and year. Encyclopedia of Religion, Seymour. Discussion of April 1906 meetings and move to Azusa Street Separate reference article corroborates revival chronology and leadership.
C20-Bonhoeffer: Unit 20, Major people Dietrich Bonhoeffer published Discipleship in 1937. Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship, excerpt. Excerpt 1, Costly Grace, paragraphs on cheap grace, sacraments, cross and incarnation Actual translated excerpt inspected; historical sources date the original German Discipleship, not this later English edition. International Bonhoeffer Society, DBWE. Volume 4: Discipleship, Originally published in 1937 Dates the original work. Encyclopedia of Religion, Bonhoeffer. Paragraph beginning Turning to the actual life of the church Independently dates publication to 1937.
C20-King: Unit 20, Major people Martin Luther King Jr. delivered I Have a Dream at the March on Washington in 1963. King, I Have a Dream. Audio-transcribed speech, opening paragraphs and biblical closing imagery Actual full transcript inspected; not merely speech metadata. Stanford King Institute. Historical entry dated August 28, 1963, discussion of delivery at the march Confirms speech, speaker, event and date. Smithsonian, March on Washington. Historical account of August 28, 1963, King at the Lincoln Memorial Independently confirms the named address and event.
C20-GrahamMessage: Unit 20, Major people Billy Graham proclaimed forgiveness through Christ's death and urged personal faith in Christ. Graham, Finding Jesus Christ. Own attributed transcript: Christ dying for sins, forgiveness, repentance and surrender Actual named-speaker transcript inspected: Graham speaks about Christ's blood, forgiveness and repentance. The announcer's separate remarks are not attributed to Graham. Additional primary: Graham, How Do I Know I'm Saved?. A message from Billy Graham; opening summary and First, you are saved through a personal faith paragraph Actual attributed message inspected; personal faith in Christ, the finished work of the cross and rejection of assurance based on bodily feelings are explicit. TIME, Graham's New Sermon, 1977. Review of How to Be Born Again, paragraphs on Christ's death and personal acceptance Corroborates the stated themes; does not establish every aspect of Graham's theology. PBS American Experience, Billy Graham. Documentary transcript, John Guest on Christ dying for sins and Graham's own appeals to receive Christ Independent documentary corroborates proclamation and appeal.
C21-Leo: Unit 21, Major people Robert Prevost became Pope Leo XIV in 2025. Leo XIV, first public address. May 8, 2025 transcript; thanks to cardinals for choosing him; caption identifies Robert Francis Prevost Actual address inspected; the URL contains a numeral typo, but page content identifies Leo XIV. Associated Press, May 8, 2025 coverage. Election announcement: Cardinal Robert Prevost taking the name Leo XIV Confirms identity and election year. BBC, Leo XIV address, May 11, 2025. Paragraph on the new leader chosen Thursday after Francis's death Independently confirms Prevost's election as Leo XIV in 2025.

Source roles and limits

An original text and modern commentary on the same page are separate works. Two hosts of one text do not supply two independent checks. Primary excerpts prove only their inspected content. Modern histories supply publication dates when the excerpt lacks an original title page. The review uses scholars, archives, libraries, museums, primary records, and historical references. It does not use Catholic Encyclopedia for new World claims.

Early

Medieval

Modern

Eliot’s letter about a Native printer concerns the project and second edition. It does not prove first-edition participation in 1663. The Moody primary is J. Wilbur Chapman’s retrospective biography, chapter 10. It is not a family biography by William R. Moody. Graham’s named-speaker transcript supports his spoken proclamation of the cross and forgiveness. His separately attributed written message supports the personal-faith comparison. Announcer statements are not attributed to Graham. The Leo entry retains the working Vatican URL despite its documented path typo.

Preservation checks

All original factual entries and source links remain in their original order. New entries are inserted within the existing strands. Two older teaching instructions were split for clarity: the Dome/Nicene comparison in Unit 7 and the images question in Unit 8. All 52 prior World landmarks remain. Gutenberg’s printing method appears directly beside the earlier Gutenberg Bible entry. All 21 root-index century links remain relative. Every unit retains Christology, Baptism, and the Lord’s Supper. The original 12 objectives and original historical proof tables remain. Publication of this audit does not silently reclassify optional readings as proven facts.